今天看到你很不睬我的样子，我猜想了一下N种原因：
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[/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][/color][/size][/font] [/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][/color][/size][/font] [/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][/color][/size][/font] [/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][/color][/size][/font] [/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][/color][/size][/font] [/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][/color][/size][/font] [/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][/color][/size][/font] [/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][/color][/size][/font] [/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]今天看到你很不睬我的样子，我猜想了一下N种原因：[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] 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[/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400]今天看到你很不睬我的样子，我猜想了一下N种原因：[/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ａ：你生气了[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｂ：你碰到不开心的事情[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｃ：你不舒服[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｄ：别人惹你生气了[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｅ：你认为我很花心[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｆ：你故意不睬我[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｇ：你在考验自己[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｈ：你在犹豫什么[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｉ：你最近发生了什么不愉快的事情[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｊ：你在调皮。。。[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｋ：你觉得时间时机不到[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]L： 你觉得害羞[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]M：你认为太快[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]N：你对自己的不自信[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]O：你认为自己的美貌不能打败我[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]P：你肚子太饿[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Q：你好几天没吃饭了[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]R：你懒得睬我[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]S：你最近工作忙[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]T：你再回避我[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]U：你确实有什么不想让别人知道的事情[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]V：你被别人误导[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]W：你没有休息好[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]X：你想忙完最近的事情再说[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Y：你在等待最好的机会[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Z：你不愿意说话[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]A1：你生病了[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]B1：你反应迟钝。。。[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]C1：。。。。。。。。。。。。。正在想。。。。[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]．．．．[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]．．[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]．[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=darkgreen][i]Ｎ ｎ：以上皆是。[/i][/color][/size][/font][/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][i][font=楷体_GB2312][size=4][color=#006400][/color][/size][/font][/i] [/align][align=left][attach]42925[/attach][/align] 天啊LZ疯了 楼主真可怜 miss 张 心我心，爱上了你，一生痴心；君心我心，见不到你，只有伤心；你心他心，旁若无人，请你放心；以心换心，即便万箭穿心，也不变心！ [quote]原帖由 [i]棒棒冰点[/i] 于 2007-11-24 20:48 发表 [url=http://712100.com/bbs/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=3974920&ptid=6796733][img]http://712100.com/bbs/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url]
天啊
LZ疯了 [/quote]
没有啊！你怎么了没睡醒吗？ [quote]原帖由 [i]新dē希望[/i] 于 2007-11-24 20:50 发表 [url=http://712100.com/bbs/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=3974924&ptid=6796733][img]http://712100.com/bbs/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url]
楼主真可怜 [/quote]心我心，爱上了你，一生痴心；君心我心，见不到你，只有伤心；你心他心，旁若无人，请你放心；以心换心，即便万箭穿心，也不变心！
可怜是什么意思？ 男人，没有女人照样顶天立地，为了心爱的女人绝不三心二意 万箭穿心 暴力片啊？ ｎｉ ｋａｎｇｕｏ ａ 你看过阿 ？ 纪念日纪念日 当男人遇见女人，从此只有独立日，没有纪念日
回复 7# 的帖子
古言可怜即可爱 没有休息好 休息好酒来跑坛子 ！ 爱情就是毒药 大家灌水的时候注意下，我吸烟的样子很帅阿！ [quote]原帖由 [i]尘末[/i] 于 2007-11-26 18:10 发表 [url=http://712100.com/bbs/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=3977520&ptid=6796733][img]http://712100.com/bbs/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url]
爱情就是毒药 [/quote]
请问你在放屁吗 ？？？ 没有爱情的，就不要乱放 吃不到葡萄 。。。。。。。。 譬如偷情、掩人耳目、怕被发现等，也往往激荡出强烈的快感：“最棒的一次是在国外的田野，边开车边做，有很大的解放感。”“最棒的一次是在MTV发生的，跟一个美国人，片子看到中途，他开始抚摸我的身体，我没有拒绝，也有了反应，我们热烈地互相需索、互相对应，在最狂野、放肆的过程中，共同达到**。
麻烦大家灌水的时候注意下，我吸烟的样子很帅阿！ 不睬你？K她 with APl
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ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or
supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.
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implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-
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stmed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.
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D.C. 20005.
API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-
ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-
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Copyright ~ 1996 American Petroleum Institute
FOREWORD
Recommended Practice 5LW shall become effective on the date printed on the cover but
may be used voluntarily from the date of distribution. This recommended practice is under
the jurisdiction of the Subcommittee on Standardization of Tubular Goods of the American
Petroleum Institute. Line pipe shipments on inland and marine waterways should be
designed to assure that the pipe will arrive at the destination undamaged. The minimum
mandatory rules in force for such shipments shall be followed. The rules of governing regu-
latory agencies shall be considered as basic, with the recommendations given herein as sup-
plementary thereto. These supplementary recommendations are the result of line pipe
shippers' experience that damage to the pipe during shipment can consist of three principal
types as follows:
a. End damage: End damage to pipe can occur during loading and unloading, or from a lon-
gitudinal load shift against a bulkhead or an adjacent pipe.
b. Abrasions or peening: These result from a rubbing or pounding action against some pro-
trusion such as the weld reinforcement of the adjacent pipe. This condition may result in ini-
tiation of fatigue cracks at the damaged areas during transit.
c. Longitudinal fatigue cracks: These are initiated in the pipe by vertical cyclical forces with
no apparent local abrasion or denting. Fatigue cracks result from a combination of static and
cyclic stresses produced by the weight of upper layers of pipe and/or other cargo giving a
static load, and a cyclic load caused by the vertical movement.
Such damage, called transit fatigue, has been reported in pipe with diameter-to-thickness
ratios as Iow as 12.5 and in line pipe grades from Grades B through X70. (See T.V. Bruno,
"How To Prevent Transit Fatigue To Tubular Goods," Pipe Line Industry, July 1988, pp. 31-
34.) Cracks have been found at three general locations: along the edge of submerged-arc
welds; in the pipe base metal at areas of denting, metal-to-metal contact, or abrasion; and at
the pipe ends.
The variables that influence transit fatigue include the magnitude of the static stress, the
number and magnitude of the cyclic stresses, the size of the contact area, the nature of the
bearing surface, the degree of surface damage, and the ambient environment. The stress lim-
its given in 3.3 of this document are intended to keep static and cyclic stresses to levels suffi-
ciently low to avoid transit fatigue. However, contact with hard surfaces, such as nailheads,
bolts or other debris, steel stanchions, wire cables, and so forth, can lead to transit fatigue
even when stresses are properly controlled. Corrosive atmospheres such as might be encoun-
tered in humid coastal or industrial areas can accelerate fatigue damage.
Transit fatigue generally causes multiple cracks emanating from the area of surface con-
tact. A distinctive feature of transit fatigue is that cracks will usually be found at both the
inside and outside surfaces.
Adherence to the recommendations herein should prevent transit fatigue cracking. It is
also important to note that poor loading or shipping practices may lead to serious damage
that may result in pipeline leaks or ruptures.
API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by
the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the
Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication
and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting
from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this
publication may conflict.
Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Exploration
and Production Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washing-
ton, D.C. 20005.
CONTENTS
Page
I SCOPE ......................................................................... 1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ......................................................... !
2. l Vessel Condition
2.2 Shipping Space ............................................................ 1
2.3 Handling Equipment ...................................................... I
2.4 Stacking Arrangement ................................................... I
2.5 Bearing and Separator Strips ............................................. 2
2.6 Side Protection ........................................................ 2
2.7 Inspection ..................................... 2
LOAD STRESSES ............................................................... 2
3.1 General ................................................................. 2
3.2 Static Load Stress ....................................................... 3
3.3 Maximum Static Load Stress ............................................... 3
3.4 Graphical Solution ...................................................... 3
3.5 Nomographic Solutions .................................................. 3
Figures
l---Cantline Stowage ......................................................... 2
2---Chart for Determination of Equation Factor ...............................4
3--Static Load Stress Calculation Chart .......................................5
4--Example of Nomograph for Permissible Number of Tiers Based
on a G Factor of 0.4 (See 3.5) ............................................... 6
Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on
Barges and Marine Vessels
I SCOPE
The recommendations in this document apply to transportation of API Specification 5L steel line pipe by ship or barge
on both inland and marine waterways unless the specific
requirement of a paragraph in this document references only
marine or only inland waterway transport. Inland waterways
are defined as those waterways with various degrees of protection, such as rivers, canals, intracoastal waterways, and
sheltered bays. These waterways can be fresh or salt water
but are usually traversed by barges. Marine waterways are
defined as waterways over open seas with limited or no protection from wind, current, waves, and the like. These areas
are normally traversed by sea-going vessels. These recom-
mendations apply to steel line pipe that is 23A inch outside
diameter (OD) and larger. An exception is that the recommendations of Section 3 as concerned with load stresses are exclusively applicable to APl line pipe having diameter-to-
thickness (D/t) ratios of 50 and more. However, pipe with D/t
ratios well below 50 may suffer fatigue in transit under some
circumstances, as noted in the foreword.
These recommendations cover coated or uncoated pipe, but
they do not encompass loading practices designed to protect
pipe coating from damage. These recommendations are not
applicable to pipe-laying vessels or supply vessels. They
must be considered as supplementary to the existing rules of
governing agencies.
These recommendations are supplemental to shipping rules for the convenience of purchasers and manufacturers in
the specification of loading and shipping practices and are not intended to inhibit purchasers and manufacturers from using
other supplemental loading and shipping practices by mutual
agreement.
2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Vessel Condition
Cargo compartments should be reasonably free from any
foreign objects or material likely to cause either physical
damage, contamination, or chemical reaction with the pipe.
The bilge pumping system shall be in working order to
remove standing water from the cargohold.
2.2 Shipping Space
Pipe may be laid longitudinally or athwart the vessel to
make the best use of available space. A clearance of 1 foot
must be !eft between the ends of the pipe and the vessel (or
other cargo) to facilitate unloading. Dimensions of hatchways should be large enough to allow the pipe to pass in a horizontal position unless special precautions are taken.
2.3 Handling Equipment
When end hooks are used for handling pipe, they shall be
designed to prevent end damage and should be lined in the
area of land (bevel face) contact with a cushioning material
(for example, a nonmetallic material such as rubber or a
metallic material such as aluminum, but brass or copper shall
be excluded). These hooks shall also have sufficient width
and depth to fit the internal curvature of the pipe. Rubber aprons should be attached to pipe hooks to protect the pipe
ends unless adequate end protectors are used. Lifting shall be
carried out in such a manner that impact loads sufficient to
cause local denting or out-of-roundness of pipe body or pipe ends will not occur. When the pipe is loaded by loose lifts, all
necessary precautions shall be taken during loading and
unloading to prevent surface or other damage to the pipe.
2.4 Stacking Arrangement
2.4.1 STOWAGE
When stacking, one should consider the maximum weight
that the bottom layer of pipe can withstand before deforma-
tion will occur. Short lengths should be placed on the top of
the stack.
Pipe in the hold of a vessel during marine shipments shall
be cantline stowed.
Cantline stowage shall be defined as stowage without sepa-
rator strips (for example, nesting or pyramid fashion) but
including wood blocking every other tier on both sides of the
hull as illustrated in Figure 1. If the top tier is a partial load,
separator strips shall be used to secure additional blocking,
which is used to secure the top tier of pipe.
For inland waterway transit, pipe may be cantline stowed,
or separator strips may be used between successive tiers of
pipe.
Loaded pipe shall not contact the sides or bottom of the
vessel. However, each length of pipe shall be in contact
throughout its entire length with all adjacent pipe or blocking,
and precautions should be taken to minimize any lateral
movement.
Pipe with filler metal weld seams (SAW and GMAW) shall
be positioned or padded in such a manner that the weld does
not contact the blocking or adjacent pipe. When horizontal
stripping (permissible only for transportation on inland water-
ways) is used to load straight filler metal weld seam pipe
(SAW and GMAW), the weld seam shall be positioned at 45
degrees, +5 degrees, from vertical. When nested, pipe with a
straight filler metal weld seam (SAW and GMAW) shall be
positioned with the seam at 0 degrees (in other words, 12
o'clock).
Figure 1--Cantline Stowage
2.4.2 LOADING ON DECK
The pipe shall be placed on a horizontal surface, and the
building of a wooden floor is recommended to eliminate con-
tact of the pipe with metallic protrusions and to compensate
for inclined planes. There shall be a sufficient number of
stanchions for the pipe to rest against. If the stanchions are
metallic, wood or rubber strips shall be interposed between
them and the pipe. Stowing cables or chains shall be isolated
from any contact with pipe through a protection medium
such as rubber strips. During transportation, the tension
of stowing cables or chains should be checked daily.
2.5 Bearing and Separator Strips
Wood-bearing and separator strips shall be a minimum size
of I inch x 2 inches. Metallic-bearing strips are prohibited.
Bearing strips shall be used to keep the bottom layer of pipe
above the hold bottom. The spacing of these strips should be
as small as necessary but no greater than 4 feet unless stress
concentration calculations from Section 3 allow wider spac-
ing to be used. For any loading arrangement, however, at
least 4 bearing strips per pipe stack must be used. For inland
waterway shipments, horizontal separator strips may be used
when the pipe is not nested. These horizontal strips should be
located directly above the bottom bearing strips.
Additional blocking, if necessary, shall be used to mini-
mize lateral movement of pipe.
2.6 Side Protection
To prevent stress concentrations, wooden side-bearing
strips or wood blocking shall be provided so that contact with
the hull of the vessel or any protrusion is prevented.
2.7 Insp~ion
Purchaser's inspector shall have access to loading and
unloading facilities, with reasonable advance notice of load-
ing and unloading.
2.7.1 LOADING
Damaged pipe shall not be loaded on board. If damaged pipe
is detected on board, it should be noted on the bill of lading and
the pipe marked by the carrier to indicate pre-transit damage.
2.7.2 UNLOADING
Pipe damage detected during transit or unloading should be
promptly reported to the carrier and/or manufacturer and
appropriately marked and set aside for further inspection.
3 LOAD STRESSES
3.1 General
In order to minimize the possibility of fatigue damage on
pipe having a D/t ratio of 50 or more (as described in the fore-
word), consideration shall be given to both the static and
dynamic forces that act upon the pipe during transportation.
The following recommendations use the philosophy of set-
ting a maximum static load stress. The dynamic stress
induced in the pipe is dependent on the height of the waves,
the speed of the vessel, the length of the vessel, the response
of the vessel to the water surface, and the location of the pipe
along the axis of the vessel. The calculations to arrive at this
stress commonly include a g factor of 0.4 to account for pos-
sible dynamic stresses. Other g factors not !ess than 0.2 can
be used by agreement among the parties involved.
3.2 Static Load Stress
Static load stress is calculated from the equation:
Where:
ct, = static load stress in psi.
n = number of tiers.
D = specified OD of pipe in inches.
t = specified wall thickness in inches.
L = specified length of pipe in feet.
W = width of bearing strips in feet.
B = effective number of flat bearing strips. As an alter-
native to flat strips, bearing strips contoured to con-
tact the pipe for a minimum included angle of 30
degrees may be used. If such contoured strips are
used, the number of bearing strips calculated for
flat strips may be reduced to not less than ~ as cal-
culated above.
Note: Thc preceding calculations assume that each length of pipe is in con-
lact throughout its entire length with all adjacent pipe or blocking.
3.3 Maximum Static Load Stress
3.3.1 For inland-waterway transit, the static load stress shall
not exceed the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe.
3.3.2 For marine shipments, the static load stress shall not
exceed the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe
divided by (1 + g), where g is as given in 3.1.
3.4 Graphical Solution
Figure 2 is a chart for obtaining the factor 0.426 D~/t for
16-inch OD and larger pipe of various wall thicknesses within
the scope of this recommended practice.
Figure 3 is a chart for the calculation of stresses for com-
monly obtained
factors,
The value of 0.426 D2/t obtained from Figure 2 is found
along the abscissa (horizontal axis) in Figure 3. Thc ordinate
of the intersection of this value with the proper
line represents the calculated static load stress.
Note: While the lines
at= plotled for the most common situations, intermediate values may be
interpolated. Any values not shown on the lines may be calculated from the
formula in 3.2.
3.5 Nomographic Solutions
Charts similar to that shown in Figure 4 may be developed
from the formulas given in 3.4 for a selected g factor, a fixed
number of bearing strips, a minimum width of bearing strip,
and a fixed length of pipe for ease in determining the per-
missible number of tiers stacked on the bottom layer for
various grades, diameters, and wall thicknesses of pipe 她没看到你。。。哈哈。 :91:/
................ 你狠狠地猜我一次阿！ 原来你对最近的任何人都是这样的对待的！！！你疯了吗？ 某日，一女遇劫匪,颤抖曰：“俺是大学生，刚刚丢了工作，新工作又没找到，真的没有钱……”劫匪听后竟然痛哭流涕:“妹子，俺也是大学生，你拿好毕业证，前面抢劫的还是大学生，你放心，我们绝不抢自己人！”之后，此女一路出示毕业证，均平安无事.最后碰到一个瘦骨嶙峋的劫匪，硬不放她过去。一番纠缠后，劫匪有气无力的说:“就随便打发点也好！我饿得~~快~~快~不行了~！”话音刚落，晕倒在地。女抱起劫匪嚎啕大哭:“我们本科生咋就这么命苦呀！”谁知劫匪最后说了一句：“妹子，你搞错了，我~~``我~~``我是研究生! 你好 谢谢你帮助我学习英语 我也希望尽早通过 最近会比较忙一点 有时间的时候对你表示谢意
知道了 你就忙吧 有事的时候打我电话 没事的时候也打我电话
考试过了请我吃饭
考试没过了也请我吃饭
期待你的佳音！
祝你考试成功！～－～ 你好 谢谢你帮助我学习英语 我也希望尽早通过 最近会比较忙一点 有时间的时候对你表示谢意
知道了 你就忙吧 有事的时候打我电话 没事的时候也打我电话
考试过了请我吃饭
考试没过了也请我吃饭
期待你的佳音！
祝你考试成功！～－～ 不过今晚听说 自己的照片被别人在博客商看到了 我想肯定是哪个家伙干的！！！还ＴＭＤ 说什么ＰＨＯＴＯ Ａ 张 ！～
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